Resources for collectors

Resources for collectors - Silver and bronze coinage of the Kunindas (ca.2nd-1st century BC)

This page is meant as a resource for collectors, illustrating and discussing the silver drachms from the ancient Indian Kingdom of the Kunindas. The coins pictured on this particular page are not for sale.

If you want to use some of this page or some of the images - please ask first. Please do not copy the information shown here and reproduce it elsewhere.

The Kingdom of Kuninda (or Kulinda in ancient literature) is a North-Indian native Kingdom stretching along the foothills of the Hymalayas eastwards from the borders of Audumbara, Vemaka and Vrishni to the borders of Nepal. The Greek historian Ptolemy linked the origin of the Kuninda to the country where the rivers Ganges, Yamuna, and Beas originate.

The history of the kingdom is documented from around the 2nd century BCE and it was mentioned by the ancient authors, notably in Indian epics and puranas. The most famous king of the Kunindas was Amoghbhuti, who ruled in the valley of the Jamuna, Beas and Sutlej rivers (in today's Punjab in northern India). His date is variously dated to the late 2nd century BC or early 1st century AD, though the exact dates are unknown.

One the Edicts of Ashoka on a pillar is also present at Kalsi, in the region of Garhwal, indicating the spread of Buddhism to the region from the 4th century BCE.
The Kuninda kingdom disappeared around the 3rd century, and from the 4th century, it seems the region shifted to Shaivite beliefs.

The coinage of the Kunindas:

Until the reign of Amoghbhuti it seems that the coins circulating among the Kunindas were the silver drachms and tetradrachms of the Indo-Greeks. The first native coins of the Kunindas were produced during the reign of the King Amoghbhuti (late 2nd century-early 1st century BC), though some numismatic authorities consider them to be later issues and date them to ca.20 BC-80 AD. The coins, silver drachms, were influenced by the numismatic model of the neighbouring Indo-Greek kingdoms, but the design was purely native, incorporating Buddhist symbolism such as the triratna, deer, Lakshmi, swastika etc. These coins typically follow the Indo-Greek weight and size standards (drachms, of about 2.1 to 2.2 grams in weight and 19 mm in diameter), and their coins are often found together with Indo-Greek coins in hoards, such as those of the Yaudheyas, or the Audumbaras. They represent the first effort by an Indian to produce coins that could compare with those of the Indo-Greeks.

The coins are among the most beautiful cons of the early India, in my opinion. The design is complex, resulting in crowded dies, but it is very attractive, with the full-breasted, wide-hipped Lakshmi holding a long lotus flower possessing a lot of charge. The bilingual inscriptions indicating the clash of the Indo-Greek and native cultured just added to the charm of these coins.

All the silver drachms of the Kunindas are rare - they rarely make it to the Western market, unsurprisingly, and are not well-known among collectors, though a few examples appeared recently on CNG and Spink. The retail price (as of 2007) for the coins of "common" types varies, but the usual range is 150US$ to 200US$ for coins in VF-EF condition. I have never seen the coins of rare types (with swastikas, standards or other symbols on obverse fields) for sale, but I would estimate the retail price for them to be 200-300$ for coins in VF-EF.

Because of the obscurity of these coins, it is difficult to find any comprehensive information about them. While all these silver drachms have similar inscriptions on both sides and an identical design, the design and location of the control marks on obverse (and a standard on reverse) can vary. Some types were published previousely - Boppearachchi reports two types (one of them probably misinterpreted - see catalogue, below), Mitchiner (Ancient & Classical World) reports five varieties, and most other catalogues report only one or two varieties. I have listed 18 types, at least 10 of which were never previousely published. No collector or dealer that I've known put together a collection of these coins, so I thought creating a webpage listing the unknown and (previousely) unpublished types would be of help to the collectors of Indian coins. Along with the pictures of different varieties, the drawings of the symbols for both the obverse and the reverse are shown, and the relative rarities for the different types are indicated. If you ever encountered any types not listed here, please drop me an email - I would love to hear from you.

I wanted to list, very briefly, the few errors appearing in the Mitchiner catalogue in the "Kunindas" section (not really of much importance, but thought I would mention it)

1. The "two cobras" symbol appearing above the deer NEVER have a dot between them

2. The "standard" symbol on the reverse comes in two different varieties (with a straight shaft and one that splits into two curves).

3. The coins were not struck to a 2.35 gram standard - the weight of about 20 specimens I weighed ranged from 2.05 grams to 2.31 grams, with most coins (even in an uncalculated condition) weighing about 2.15-2.20 grams.

4. The Prakrit inscription is incorrectly transcribed in Mitchiner (letter "h" in "Rajnah" omitted) (corrected below).

This is the list of some of the symbols encountered on the silver drachms of the Kunindas.

	"Tree-in-railing" - the common ancient Indian symbol. Appears on the reverse of this type only.		"The Y-symbol" or "the standard" - a very common ancient Indian symbol, usually described as a "standard", but the precise meaning of this symbol is unclear.
	"Swastika" - an ancient Indian symbol. Always appears on reverse, and very rarely on obverse.		"The lotus flower" - appears on the obverse in two varieties, with a dot in the middle and without (see catalogue).
	"Two cobras" - always appear between the horns of the deer. I am not sure about this symbol, but this is how it is described in all references.		"The Peacock" or "the Chalice" - uncertain tiny symbol appearing on the obverse of some very rare coins. I think it is a drawing of a small peacock, but it might be a depiction of a cup or a chalice.
	"Hill" - "three-arched hills" and a "five-arched hill". ncient Indian symbols. The five-arched hill always appears on the reverse of this type and (doubtfully) on the obverse of one type. The three-arched hill appears on the obverse of many of the varieties of the silver Kuninda coins.		Uncertain symbol, appearing on some Indo-Greek coins. Reported as a "vase", but I am not sure anyone knows what this one is, exactly.

The bronze coins of the Kunindas are much cruder than the silver and are very poorly studied. They come in numerous varieties, but catalogues usually lump them into one or two entries. I will try to be slightly more detailed here, though finding good quality pictures of the Kuninda bronzes is not easy....

The bronzes can be be divided into two general groups. The coins from the first group are presumably the early issues, since they parallel the silver coins described above very closely. The design is the same as above, and the inscriptions are present on both sides - in Brahmi on obverse and in Kharoshti on reverse:

#	Picture	symbols		Notes
#	Picture	Obverse	Reverse	Notes
ACC #1a.1				The type without any additional marks on obverse. "Straight shaft standard" on reverse. Comes in both a neat style and a very crude style, thought to be of later manufacture (?). 18mm, 2.2 grams. Surprisingly rare, published in Mitchiner ACW, but nowhere else, it seems. (Image courtesy CNG). Mitchiner ACW #4445.
ACC #1a.2				Same as ACC #1.1, but of much cruder style and smaller, though of slightly heavier than usual weight (17mm, 2.3 grams). (Image courtesy ACC). Mitchiner ACW #4445 var.
ACC #1b				The type without any additional marks on obverse. "Split shaft standard" on reverse. 18mm, 2.2 grams. (Image courtesy ACC). Completely unpublished, much scarcer than the preceeding type.
ACC #1c				The type without any additional marks on obverse with with a "Vase" split in two by a prominent horizontal stroke. "Straight shaft standard" on reverse. 18mm, 2.2 grams. (Image courtesy ACC). Completely unpublished, much scarcer than the preceeding type.
ACC #2				Same as ACC #1, with the exception of a dot between deer's legs. 18mm, 2.2 grams. Unique? The coin pictured is the only one published or known (?). (Image courtesy ACC). Unpublished.
ACC #3				Three-arched hill without a crescent. 18mm, 2.2 grams. Rare. (Image courtesy ACC). Unpublished, but coins of this type are easily confused with the similar ACC #4 is not examined closely. They might actually be the same as the next type, but with an unengraved crescent on top of the hill. More pictures of coins of this type (courtesy ACC): *** (courtesy Hans Sanders)
ACC #4				Three-arched hill with a crescent and without any additional symbols. 18mm, 2.2 grams. Rare. (Image courtesy ACC). This type is the most "common" type for this issue (although, please keep in mind, all these coins are still very rare). They are usually neatly engraved - I have never encountered a very crude example of this type. Mitchiner ACW #4440-4441. More pictures of coins of this type:
ACC #5				Same as above, with the exception of the "split" standard on reverse.18mm, 2.3 grams. Unique? The coin pictured is the only one published or known (?). (Image courtesy ACC). Unpublished.
ACC #6				Same as above, but with an additional "lotus" symbol below Lakshmi (within the inscription).18mm, 2.2 grams. Unique? The coin pictured is the only one published or known (?). (Image courtesy ACC). Unpublished.
ACC #16				Three-arched hill below the deer and an "apple" between Lakshmi and deer. Unique? The coin pictured is the only one published or known (?). (Image courtesy S. Kumar). Unpublished.
ACC #7				Same as above, but with a five-arched hill on obverse. This type is reported in W.Pieper, Kuninda, #2, the second coin known is pictured here. (Image courtesy ACC).
ACC #8				With a "lotus" symbol below the deer.18mm, 2.2 grams. Unique? The coin pictured is the only one published or known (?). (Image courtesy ACC). Unpublished.
ACC #9				With a "lotus" symbol below Lakshmi (within the inscription).18mm, 2.2 grams. Very rare. (Image courtesy ACC). Mitchiner ACW #4443. More pictures of coins of this type: (courtesy ACC) (Courtesy Hans Sanders)
ACC #10a				With a "lotus" symbol in the left lower field (within inscriptions) on obverse.18mm, 2.2 grams. Very rare. (Image courtesy ACC). Mitchiner ACW #4444. More pictures of coins of this type: (courtesy ACC) (courtesy Hans Sanders)
ACC #10b				A unique example, sent in by an anonymous collector. With a "lotus" symbol in the upper central field on obverse and upper right field on the reverse.
ACC #11				With a "standard" symbol between the deer and Lakshmi.18mm, 2.2 grams. Unique? The coin pictured is the only one published or known (?). (Image courtesy ACC). Unpublished.
ACC #12a				With a "swastika" symbol between the deer and Lakshmi.18mm, 2.2 grams. Unique? The coin pictured is the only one published or known (?). (Image courtesy ACC). Unpublished.
ACC #12b				With a "swastika" symbol beneath Lakshmi. Unique? The coin pictured is the only one published or known (?). (Image courtesy Hans Sanders). Unpublished.
ACC #13				With a "peacock" (or "chalice") symbol between the deer and Lakshmi.18mm, 2.2 grams. Extremely rare. The coins pictured are the only ones published or known (?). (Image courtesy ACC). Unpublished. Another similar example (courtesy Hans Sanders):
ACC #14				The symbols are reported in Mitchiner ACW (#4442) as "swastika and three-arched hill". The Swastika is unambiguous, but the hill is tiny, and unclear on the Mitchiner plate coin - to me, it looks more like a small peacock (like on the previous type). 18mm, 2.3 grams. Extremely rare type, one of the scarcest in the series. (Image courtesy ACC). Published in Mitchiner ACW (#4442).
ACC #15				With swastika under deer, lotus under Lakshi and a nandipada symbol between the deer and Lakshmi. Unpublished and very rare.
ACC #17				The obverse is of the common type 1a, but the reverse has two additional cobras over swastika. I know only of one coin of this type. Unpublished and unique.

	Obverse design:	Reverse design:	Notes:
No photo			This is probably the rarest of the copper types, with carefully executed legends on the reverse. I've seen only a few pieces, all of the same type. The denomination of these is 1/2 karshapana (or a bronze didrachm) of 4.4 grams or so (40 ratti). Published in Mitchiner ACW (#4446); Mitchiner 1976 #930-931.

Obverse design:	Reverse design:	Notes:
		All these bronzes with the deer on the obverse standing left are extremely rare.

"
"
"
"

"
"


"
"
"


"
"

"
"
"

"
		Probably the most common of all the bronze types
		Same as the coin above, but without the "box" above the deer on the obverse.
		Same as the coin above, but with a :lotus flower" behind the deer, paralleling similar silver issues. I know of only one specimen of this type.
"